1. Building Materials and Components

• EN 13501-1 (EU): Standard for classification of construction products based on fire performance. Materials are classified into A1 (non-combustible), A2 (limited combustibility, low smoke production), B, C, D, E and F through combustion tests. It also evaluates smoke toxicity (S1-S3) and burning droplets (d0-d2);

• ASTM E84 (USA): "Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics". A tunnel furnace test is adopted to measure the Flame Spread Index (FSI) and Smoke Developed Index (SDI) of materials for classification of wall, ceiling and other materials (e.g., Class A, B, C);

• GB/T 8624 (China): Classification standard for fire performance of building materials, equivalent to EN 13501. It divides materials into Grade A (non-combustible), B1 (hardly combustible), B2 (combustible) and B3 (highly combustible);

• ISO 5660-1: Standard for heat release rate testing. A cone calorimeter is used to measure key parameters such as heat release rate and smoke production during material combustion, widely applied in scientific research and product development.

2. Textiles and Furniture

• GB 17927 (China): Fire performance test standard for upholstered furniture, applicable to sofas, mattresses and other products, to assess their combustion behavior after being ignited by cigarettes or small flames;

• EN 1021-1/2 (EU): Combustion test standard for upholstered furniture materials, covering two ignition scenarios: cigarette ignition and small flame ignition;

• ASTM D6413 (USA): Vertical flammability test for textiles, used to evaluate flame spread, afterflame and afterglow time of fabrics upon ignition;

• 16 CFR 1610 (USA): Flammability standard for apparel textiles, classified into Class 1 (safest, mandatory for children’s clothing), Class 2 and Class 3 based on burning rate.

3. Electronics and Plastics

• UL 94 (USA): Flammability classification test for plastic materials. Vertical / horizontal combustion tests classify materials into V0, V1, V2, HB, 5VA, 5VB and other grades (Grade V0 requires short burning time and no ignitable drips);

• IEC 60695 (International Electrotechnical Commission): Fire hazard test standard for electrical equipment, including glow wire test, needle flame test, etc., to assess material resistance to ignition;

• EN 60332 (EU): Vertical combustion test standard for electric wires and cables, evaluating whether flame spreads along the cable length after ignition.

4. Transportation Vehicles

• FMVSS 302 (USA): Flammability test standard for automotive interior materials, requiring a material burning rate no higher than 100 mm/min (from ignition point to the 102 mm marking line);

• ISO 3795: Horizontal combustion test standard for automotive interior materials, a globally recognized standard similar to FMVSS 302;

• EN 45545 (EU): Fire protection test standard for railway vehicle materials. Different combustion, smoke and toxicity requirements are specified based on vehicle types (e.g., high-speed rail, metro) and material locations (e.g., interior parts, structural components).

(Taking UL 94 Vertical Burning Test for Plastics as an example)

Sample Preparation: Cut 5 test specimens in accordance with the standard (normally 127mm×12.7mm× thickness), and condition the specimens for 48 hours under controlled conditions (temperature: 23℃±2℃, humidity: 50%±5%);

Test Setup: Fix the specimen vertically, and place absorbent cotton 300mm below it (to assess whether drips cause ignition);

Ignition and Observation: Apply a 20mm-high flame to the bottom of the specimen for 10 seconds, then remove the flame and record the afterflame time. If the specimen extinguishes, reapply the flame for another 10 seconds, and record the second afterflame time as well as the afterglow time;

Rating Criteria:

Class V0: Total afterflame time for two ignitions ≤10 seconds, no ignition of absorbent cotton, and no flame spread to the top of the specimen;

Class V1: Total afterflame time for two ignitions ≤30 seconds, with all other requirements identical to Class V0;

Class V2: Drips that ignite the absorbent cotton are permitted, with all other requirements identical to Class V1.