Electrical and electronic testing refers to systematic inspections conducted on electrical and electronic products covering safety, performance, electromagnetic compatibility, environmental friendliness and other indicators. It aims to ensure products comply with international, national or industrial standards, guarantee user safety and environmental protection, and satisfy market access requirements. It covers a wide scope ranging from consumer electronics to industrial equipment, and detailed contents are as follows:

I. Core Test Categories and Items

1. Safety Testing

It ensures that products pose no risks such as electric shock, fire or mechanical injury under normal operating and fault conditions, and is a mandatory fundamental test.

• Electric Shock Protection:

• Insulation Resistance Test: Measure the insulation resistance between live parts and the enclosure to ensure it reaches at least 10MΩ (varies per product standard) and prevent electric leakage;

• Dielectric Strength (Withstand Voltage) Test: Apply specified high voltage (e.g. 1500V AC) between components for 1 minute without breakdown to verify insulation reliability;

• Earth Continuity Test: Measure the resistance between the earth terminal and accessible metal parts (normally ≤0.1Ω) to guarantee effective discharge of leakage current.

• Fire Prevention and Overheating Resistance:

• Temperature Rise Test: Monitor the temperature of key components (e.g. motors, transformers) during product operation, which shall not exceed standard limits (e.g. ≤70℃ for plastic parts);

• Flame Retardancy Test: Evaluate the combustion performance of materials such as enclosures and cables (e.g. UL 94 V-0 grade, GB/T 5169.16) to avoid flame spread;

• Abnormal Operation Test: Simulate fault conditions such as short circuit and overload to assess whether the product activates protective mechanisms (e.g. fuse blowout).

• Mechanical Safety:

• Electric Shock Prevention Protection: Use probes to test whether accessible parts operate at Safety Extra-Low Voltage (≤36V);

• Structural Strength: Enclosure impact resistance and drop test (e.g. IEC 60068-2-32, drop from 1 meter height onto hard wooden boards).

2. Electromagnetic Compatibility Test (EMC)

It ensures products work normally under electromagnetic environments and do not cause interference to other equipment, divided into two categories: Emission and Immunity.

• Electromagnetic Emission (EMI): Limit electromagnetic interference generated by products, including:

• Conducted Emission: Interference signals transmitted through power cords (frequency bands below 30MHz, complying with CISPR 11);

• Radiated Emission: Electromagnetic waves radiated by products into space (30MHz-1GHz, complying with CISPR 22).

• Electromagnetic Immunity (EMS): The capacity of products to resist external electromagnetic interference, including:

• Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): Simulate anti-interference performance when charged human bodies contact products (e.g. ±8kV contact discharge, IEC 61000-4-2);

• Radiated Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Immunity: Products shall operate normally under electromagnetic fields with strength of 3V/m (IEC 61000-4-3);

• Surge Immunity: Simulate pulse interference generated by lightning strikes or grid switching (e.g. ±2kV line-to-line, IEC 61000-4-5).

3. Performance Testing

Verify whether product functions and indicators meet design requirements, varying by product type:

• Consumer Electronics: Such as mobile phone call quality, battery life, screen brightness; cooling/heating efficiency of household appliances (e.g. air conditioner APF value), noise decibels.

• Industrial Electronics: Controller precision (e.g. ±0.1% FS), sensor response speed; output voltage stability of power supplies (e.g. ripple ≤1%).

• Lighting Equipment: Luminous efficacy (lm/W), color temperature, color rendering index (Ra≥80) and service life (≥30000 hours) of LED lamps.

4. Environmental and Chemical Testing

Control hazardous substances in electrical and electronic products to comply with global environmental regulations:

• RoHS Test: Detect 10 hazardous substances including lead, mercury and cadmium (EU RoHS 2.0, China RoHS 2.0), with limit value of 0.1% (0.01% for cadmium);

• REACH Test: Screen Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC); information communication obligations shall be fulfilled if content exceeds 0.1% (EU REACH Regulation);

• Battery Test: Such as UN38.3 (lithium battery transportation safety, including vibration, shock and short-circuit tests); battery cycle life, charge-discharge efficiency.

5. Reliability Testing

Evaluate product stability under long-term service or harsh environments and predict service life:

• Environmental Test: High and low temperature cycling test (-40℃~85℃ cycle), damp heat test (40℃, 95% RH), salt spray test (to assess corrosion resistance of metal components);

• Mechanical Reliability: Vibration test (simulate transportation vibration, IEC 60068-2-6), shock test (sudden impact, e.g. 1000G acceleration);

• Life Test: Switch life test (e.g. 10,000 plug-in cycles for sockets), key life test (50,000 presses for mobile phone keys).